Author: Philip Colls
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Mass transport – Animals Booklet revision questions      NAME:
Q1.
The diagram shows a section through the heart. The main blood vessels are labelled A, B, C and D.
 
(a)     Write a letter, A, B, C or D, in the box to represent the correct blood vessel.
(i)      Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
 
(1)
(i)      Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the heart?
 
(1)
(b)     Explain how the highest blood pressure is produced in the left ventricle.
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(1)

(c)     Some babies are born with a hole between the right and the left ventricles.
These babies are unable to get enough oxygen to their tissues.
Suggest why.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q2.
(a)     What is the function of the coronary arteries?
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(2)
(b)     Figure 1 shows some of the large blood vessels in a mammal.
Figure 1
 
(i)      Which of the blood vessels A to H is the vena cava?
 
(1)
(ii)     Which of the blood vessels A to H is the renal artery?
 
(1)
(c)     Figure 2 shows how the blood pressure changes as blood travels from the aorta to the capillaries.
Figure 2
 
The rise and fall in blood pressure in the aorta is greater than in the small arteries.Suggest why.
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 (3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q3. The diagram shows tissue fluid and cells surrounding a capillary.
 
(a)     Name fluid F.
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(b)     Give one way in which fluid F is different from tissue fluid.
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(c)     (i)      The blood pressure is high at the start of the capillary. Explain how the left ventricle causes the blood to be at high pressure.
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(ii)     The blood pressure decreases along the length of the capillary. What causes this decrease in pressure?
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(d)     In children, some diets may result in a low concentration of protein in fluid F. This can cause the accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain the link between a low concentration of protein in fluid F and the accumulation of tissue fluid.
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(3)         (Total 7 marks)
Q4.
Relaxation of heart muscle is called diastole. Contraction is called systole. The diagram shows the periods of diastole and systole when the heart is beating.
 
(a)     At what time is the volume of blood in the ventricle at a maximum?
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(1)
(b)     Calculate the heart rate in beats per minute. Show your working.

 
 
Heart rate = ____________________ beats per minute
(2)
(c)     The valves between the atria and the ventricles are closed between 0.1 s and 0.4 s.
(i)      Explain how pressure causes these valves to be shut.
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(1)
(ii)     Explain how closure of these valves is essential to the functioning of the heart.
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(1)

The graph shows the effect of the pressure of blood in the veins on the stroke volume of the heart.
 
(d)     Describe how venous blood pressure affects stroke volume.
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(2)
(e)     At a venous pressure of 2 kPa, the cardiac output is 5600 cm^3 per minute. Calculate the number of times the ventricle contracts in one minute. Show your working.

 

Answer ____________________
(2)

(f)      Explain how blood in a vein in the leg is returned to the heart.
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(6)
(Total 15 marks)
Q5. The table shows pressure changes in the left side of the heart during one cardiac cycle.
 
| Blood pressure / k Pa
Time / s | Left atrium | Left ventricle
0.0 | 0.7 | 0.3
0.1 | 1.0 | 2.0
0.2 | 0.2 | 12.5
0.3 | 0.2 | 15.3
0.4 | 1.0 | 4.5
0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0
0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3
0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3
(a)     Between which times is the valve between the atrium and the ventricle closed? Explain your answer.
Times ____________________ s and ____________________ s
Explanation _________________________________________________________
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(b)     The maximum pressure in the ventricle is much higher than that in the atrium. Explain what causes this.
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(c)     Use the information in the table to calculate the heart rate in beats per minute.

 
 
Answer ____________________ beats per minute                            (1)(Total 5 marks)
 
Q6. (a)     Figure 1 shows part of the blood circulation in a mammal.
Figure 1

Use Figure 1 to give the letter that represents each of these blood vessels.
 
Aorta |
Renal vein |
Vena cava |
(3)
(b)     Name the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle.
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(c)     Figure 2 shows a photograph of part of a mitochondrion from a mouse liver cell taken using a transmission electron microscope at × 62 800 magnification.
Figure 2

Produce a scientific drawing of the mitochondrion in Figure 2 in the box below. Label the following parts of the mitochondrion on your drawing.
•        Matrix
•        Crista

(4)  (Total 8 marks)
Q7. The graph shows the volume changes in the left ventricle of a human heart during two cardiac cycles. The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent times when heart valves open or close.
 
(a)     Use information from the graph to complete the table in part (a). Place the number 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the appropriate box.
 
| Valve opens | Valve closes
Semi-lunar valve | |
Atrioventricular valve | |
(2)
(b)     Use the diagram above to calculate the volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle.
Answer = ____________________ cm^3 min^−1
(2)
(c)     Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid.
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(2)
(d)     Lymphoedema is a swelling in the legs which may be caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system. Suggest how a blockage in the lymphatic system could cause lymphoedema.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q8. The graph shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves for fetal haemoglobin (HbF) and adult haemoglobin (HbA).
 
(a)     Explain how changes in the shape of haemoglobin result in the S-shaped (sigmoid) oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve for HbA.
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(b)     At birth 98% of the haemoglobin is HbF. By the age of 6 months, the HbF has usually completely disappeared from the baby’s blood and been replaced by HbA. Use the graph above to explain why this change is an advantage for the baby.
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 (2)
(c)     Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by production of faulty HbA. This results in a reduced ability to transport oxygen to tissues. Scientists investigated the use of a substance called hydroxyurea to treat babies with SCD. Hydroxyurea changes the concentration of HbF in the blood.
The scientists carried out an investigation with 122 babies who had SCD. Each baby was given hydroxyurea for 41 months. The scientists then found the mean change in the concentration of HbF in the babies’ blood.
Their results are shown in the table.
 
Mean concentration of HbF in the babies’ blood / arbitrary units
Before treatment with hydroxyurea (± 1 standard deviation) | After treatment with hydroxyurea (± 1 standard deviation)

7.6
(± 4.5)

19.1
(± 6.5)

The scientists concluded that treatment with hydroxyurea would increase the concentration of oxygen in the blood of babies with SCD.
Suggest how the graph and table above support this conclusion.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q9. Haemoglobin transports oxygen around the body of many animals.
(a)     Haemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure.
Explain the meaning of quaternary structure.
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(1)
(b)     When fully saturated, each molecule of haemoglobin is bound to four molecules of oxygen. The graph shows the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at different partial pressures.
 
Give the formula for calculating the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
 
Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen | | =
(1)
(c)     The first molecule of oxygen to bind causes a change in the shape of the haemoglobin molecule. This change of shape makes it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind to the haemoglobin molecule.
Explain how the graph provides evidence for this.
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(d)     Suggest one advantage of this change in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
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(1)
(e)     Tests on the man whose blood was used to construct the graph gave the following data.
•        Concentration of haemoglobin in blood = 150 g dm^−3.
•        Volume of oxygen carried by fully saturated haemoglobin = 1.35 cm^3 g^−1.
•        Resting heart rate = 60 beats minute^−1.
•        Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle each beat = 60 cm^3.
Use these data and information from the graph to calculate the volume of oxygen released to the man’s tissues per minute whilst he was at rest.
Show your working.
Answer =______________cm^3 minute^−1
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q10.
(a)     Explain four ways in which the structure of the aorta is related to its function.
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(4)
Figure 1 shows the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves for two different species, A and B.
Figure 1
 
(b)     Species B is more active than species A. Use Figure 1 to explain how the haemoglobin of species B allows a greater level of activity.
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(c)     An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows the electrical activity of the heart. Figure 2 shows an ECG for an animal of species B at rest. Each large spike represents a contraction of the ventricles.
Figure 2
 
For species B, the mean volume of blood leaving the left ventricle during each contraction is 0.03 cm^3.
Calculate the mean volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute.
Volume of blood = ___________________________ cm^3 minute^−1      (2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q11. (a)     Binding of one molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin makes it easier for a second oxygen molecule to bind.
Explain why.
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A haemocytometer is a special microscope slide which can be used to count the numbers of blood cells in a sample of blood.
•        The surface of the slide has many small, equal-sized squares marked on it.
•        The depth of the liquid under each square is 0.1 mm
•        When counting, cells that touch top or left lines are counted but cells that touch right or bottom lines are not counted.
A doctor used a haemocytometer to determine the number of red blood cells per mm^3 in a blood sample. He diluted the original blood sample by a factor of 200 times before putting some on a haemocytometer.
The diagram shows the distribution of cells in a typical small square.

(b)     The doctor counted the red blood cells in many small squares.
The mean number of red blood cells per small square was 7
The original blood sample was diluted by a factor of 200 times.
Calculate the number of red blood cells per mm^3 in the original blood sample.
Give your answer in standard form.

Answer = ____________________ red blood cells per mm^3
(2)
(c)     When counting, cells that touch top or left lines are counted but cells that touch right or bottom lines are not counted.
Suggest two reasons for this rule.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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The doctor also wanted to know how many white blood cells per mm^3 there were in a different sample of blood. To do this he first diluted the sample by a factor of 20 times. He then made the white blood cells clearly visible by using a stain that makes nuclei appear dark blue.
(d)     When counting white blood cells, the doctor only diluted the blood sample by a factor of 20 times, instead of 200 times when counting red blood cells.
Suggest why he only diluted the sample by a factor of 20 times.
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(e)     Explain how the stain allowed the doctor to count the white blood cells amongst all the red blood cells.
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(1)	 (Total 8 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)     (i)      C;
Ignore name of vessel
1
(ii)     A;
Ignore name of vessel
1
(b)     Strongest/stronger contractions;
Accept most muscle in wall / thickest/thicker muscular wall
A comparative statement is needed
Answer must be in context of producing force and not resisting it
1
(c)     1.      Blood flows from left ventricle to right ventricle/ mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood;
2.      Lower volume of (oxygenated) blood leaves left ventricle/flows into aorta/C
OR
Lower pressure in blood leaving left ventricle/flowing into aorta/C
OR
Less oxygen in blood leaving left ventricle/aorta/C;
2
[5]
Q2.
(a)     1.      (Carry) oxygen / glucose;
Accept: oxygenated blood
Ignore references to removing waste products
Ignore references to arteries ‘pumping’ blood
2.      (To) heart muscle / tissue / cells / myocytes.
Must be supply to heart or cardiac
2
(b)     (i)      A;
Accept: A on its own even if outside box
Reject if two (or more) letters given
1
(ii)     H;
Accept: H on its own even if outside box
Reject if two (or more) letters given
1
(c)     (Aorta)
1.      (is) close / directly linked to the heart / ventricle / pressure is higher / is very high;
2.      (Aorta has) elastic tissue;
Accept elasticity
Ignore reference to muscle
3.      (Aorta has) stretch / recoil.
Q Reject: contracts / relaxes / pumps
Accept: for mp 2 and mp 3, converse for small arteries if qualified by little / less
3
[7]
Q3.
(a)     (Blood) plasma;
1
(b)     More / larger proteins / less urea / carbon dioxide / more glucose / amino acids / fatty acids / oxygen / high(hydrostatic) pressure;
Q Reference to blood cells / water potential = neutral
Q No Protein should not be credited
1
(c)     (i)      Contracts;
Q Do not accept pumping of heart / heart beating
1
(ii)     Loss of fluid / volume;
         Friction / resistance (of capillary wall);
Q Reference to a narrow lumen is not sufficient to gain a mark unless friction or resistance is mentioned.
1 max
(d)     Water potential (in capillary) not as low / is higher / less negative / water potential gradient is reduced;
More tissue fluid formed (at arteriole end);
Less / no water absorbed (into blood capillary) by osmosis; (into blood capillary);
Q The last two marking points must be in context of movement into the blood capillary
3
[7]
Q4.
(a)     0.1 / 0.9 (s);
1
(b)     Two marks for correct answer of 75 (beats per minute);
One mark for incorrect answer based on cardiac cycle taking 0.8 seconds;
2
(c)     (i)      Pressure in ventricle higher than pressure in atria;
1
(ii)     Prevents backflow of blood / prevents flow from ventricles to atria;
1
(d)     Increase (in stroke volume) as blood pressure increases, remains constant / plateaus; after 3 kPa / when stroke volume = 82cm^3
2
(e)     Two marks for correct answer of 80;
One mark for incorrect answer recognising that ventricle contracts once every cardiac cycle / stroke volume = 70 cm^3
2
(f)      1       Muscles (surrounding veins) contract and press on (walls of) vein and squeezes blood along veins;
2       Valves prevent backflow / ensure flow in one direction;
3       Systole / contraction of heart pumps blood (through arteries) into veins / residual arterial pressure / negative pressure in chest due to inspiration;
4       Recoil of heart muscle during diastole / after contraction;
5       Draws blood from veins into atria;
Accept sucks
6       Wide lumen little resistance / friction
6
[15]
Q5.
(a)     0.1 and 0.5;
Pressure in ventricle greater (than pressure in atrium);
Both figures must be correct.
Comparison needed.
2
(b)     1.      (Ventricle has) thick wall / more muscle;
2.      So contractions are stronger / harder;
Neutral: Contracts to produce more pressure.
Neutral: Pump harder.
Neutral: Reference to a need to pump blood further / round the body.
2
(c)     85 / 86 / 85.7;
Ignore additional decimal places
1
[5]
Q6.
(a)     D;
G;
F;
3
(b)     Coronary arteries;
Accept coronary artery
Ignore aorta, arteriole and capillary
Reject coronary veins
Do not accept coronary by itself
Accept phonetic spelling
1
(c)     1.      No sketched / hanging / crossing lines / shading;
Ignore stippling
2.      Must look similar;
3.      Matrix and crista correctly labelled;
Ignore any other labels
4.      Correct scale stated (x 62 800);
Accept other suitable scale given
4
[8]
Q7.
(a)
| open | closed
Semi-lunar valves | 2 | 3
Atrioventricular valves | 4 | 1
One mark for each correct column
General marker
2
(b)    (Acceptable range is) 6315.79 to 6400;
Allow one mark for (SV = 120 − 40 =) 80 (cm ^3)
OR
(1 cycle = 1.24 − 0.48 =) 0.76 (s)
OR
79 / 80 (beats minute ^−1)
2
(c)     1.      Contraction of ventricle(s) produces high blood / hydrostatic pressure;
2.      (This) forces water (and some dissolved substances) out (of blood capillaries);
1.      Do not accept contraction / pumping of the heart
1.      Reject blood / plasma / tissue fluid forced out
2
(d)     Excess tissue fluid cannot be (re)absorbed / builds up;
The idea of excess is important
Accept ‘drained’ for absorbed
1
[7]
Q8.
(a)     First oxygen binds (to Hb) causing change in shape;
(Shape change of Hb) allows more O_2 to bind (easily) / greater saturation with O_2
OR
Cooperative binding;
2
(b)     1.      (HbA has) lower affinity for O_2 at low partial pressures;
OR
(HbA has) lower affinity for oxygen at pp found in tissues;
2.      Easier unloading of O_2 for (aerobic) respiration;
2
(c)     1.      A large/significant increase in HbF;
2.      (HbF has) higher affinity for O_2 (than faulty HbA);
3.      Higher proportion of HbF in blood so more oxygen carried;
OR
More oxygen carried after treatment;
3
[7]
Q9.
(a)     (Molecule contains) more than one polypeptide (chain).
Accept: has four polypeptides
1
(b)     
1
(c)     1.      At low partial pressure of oxygen, little increase in saturation as oxygen increases;
2.      (then) rapid rise as it gets easier for oxygen to bind.
Accept use of appropriate numbers from graph
2
(d)     Ensures rapid / more intake of oxygen in lungs / release of oxygen in tissues.
1
(e)     Volume of blood leaving heart = (0.6 × 0.6) dm^3 minute^−1 = 3.6 dm^3 minute^-1
Mass of haemoglobin in this volume of blood = (3.6 × 150) g = 540g
Volume of oxygen at 100% saturation of this haemoglobin = (540 × 1.35) = 729 cm^3
The graph shows 60% of this volume of oxygen has been released to the tissues, so final answer is (729 × 0.6) = 437.4 cm^3 minute ^−1
3
[8]
Q10.
(a)     1.      Elastic tissue to allow stretching / recoil / smoothes out flow of blood / maintains pressure;
2.      (Elastic tissue) stretches when ventricles contract
OR
Recoils when ventricle relaxes;
3.      Muscle for contraction / vasoconstriction;
4.      Thick wall withstands pressure OR stop bursting;
5.      Smooth endothelium reduces friction;
6.      Aortic valve / semi-lunar valve prevents backflow.
4 max
(b)     1.      Curve to the right so lower affinity / % saturation (of haemoglobin);
2.      Haemoglobin unloads / dissociates more readily;
3.      More oxygen to cells / tissues / muscles;
4.      For greater / more / faster respiration;
Idea of a higher rate of respiration
4
(c)     16.5–18 (cm^3 minute^–1);
Allow 1 mark if heart rate wrongly calculated but then multiplied by 0.03
2
[10]
Q11.
(a)     1.      Binding of first oxygen changes tertiary / quaternary (structure) of haemoglobin;
Ignore ref. to ‘positive cooperativity’ unqualified
Ignore ref. to named bonds
Accept conformational shift caused
2.     Creates / leads to / uncovers second / another binding site
OR
Uncovers another iron / Fe / haem group to bind to;
Reject ref. to active site
2
(b)     5.6 × 10^6 (red blood cells per mm^3);;
Award 1 max for one of
2.8 × 10^4 (standard form but ignoring dilution)
OR
5 600 000 (correct but not standard form)
OR
5.6 × 10^5 (failure to use depth of liquid on slide);
2
(c)     1.      To avoid dealing with parts of cells;
2.      To avoid counting same cells twice / more than once;
3.      To be consistent / get comparable results;
Accept more accuracy
Ignore reliability / repeatability / reproducibility / precision / validity
2 max
(d)     There are fewer white cells, so no need to dilute (further to see enough);
Accept converse of too few to see if greater dilution / at 200 times
Do not accept ref. to numbers of red and white cells unqualified
Ignore ref. to white cells larger
1
(e)     White cells have a nucleus (that stains but red cells do not);
Accept converse for red cells
1
[8]